Integration of high photon efficiency optical communication with optical key distribution for physical layer security

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This work introduces a secure communication method by integrating high-order pulse position modulation (PPM) with optical key distribution (OKD) in the photon-starved regime. By utilizing superframes to modulate mean photon numbers, the system ensures secure key exchange alongside high-efficiency data transmission. This approach provides a necessary security layer for deep-space missions facing eavesdropper risks.